Difference between revisions of "LoudSnorer:Sandbox"
LoudSnorer (talk | contribs) (→Time at Pressure) |
LoudSnorer (talk | contribs) m (→Time at Pressure) |
||
| Line 538: | Line 538: | ||
===Time at Pressure=== | ===Time at Pressure=== | ||
| − | The Time at Pressure graphs the amount of time spent at a specific pressure. | + | The ''Time at Pressure'' graphs the amount of time spent at a specific pressure. |
| − | The Time at Pressure is is a companion graph of the Pressure graph, using the same data and configuration. | + | The ''Time at Pressure'' is is a companion graph of the ''Pressure'' graph, using the same data and configuration. |
| − | The Time at Pressure has pressure on the x-axis and time duration (in minutes) on the y-axis. | + | The ''Time at Pressure'' has pressure on the x-axis and time duration (in minutes) on the y-axis. |
The following picture is from a CPAP device where the pressure is at a constant eight(8) cmH2O. | The following picture is from a CPAP device where the pressure is at a constant eight(8) cmH2O. | ||
Revision as of 01:20, 6 December 2022
|
|
Afrikaans /
في الصفحة /
български /
中国 /
臺灣 /
čeština/
Dansk /
Deutsch /
Ελληνικά /
Español /
Filipino /
Français /
עברית /
Magyar /
Italiano /
日本語 /
한국어 /
Nederlands /
Norsk /
Polskie /
Português /
Română /
Pусский /
Suomalainen /
Svenska /
ภาษาไทย /
Türkçe |
Afrikaans /
في الصفحة /
български /
中国 /
臺灣 /
Dansk /
Deutsch /
Ελληνικά /
Español /
Français /
עברית /
Magyar /
Italiano /
한국어 /
Nederlands /
Norsk /
Polskie /
Português /
Românește /
Russkiy /
Suomalainen /
Svenska /
ภาษาไทย /
Pilipino /
Türkçe
--> Do not use these buttons when you are on a translated page. Just close this tab to go back. <--
Contents
- 1 OSCAR - the Open Source CPAP Analysis Reporter
- 2 Common features of detailed graphs
- 3 Daily (Standard Charts)
- 3.1 Event Flags
- 3.2 Flow Rate
- 3.3 Pressure
- 3.4 Flow Limit.
- 3.5 Leak Rate
- 3.6 Snore
- 3.7 Zeo Data
- 4 Daily (Advanced Charts)
- 5 Daily (Other Charts)
- 6 CPAP Algorithims
- 7 OSCAR Calculations
OSCAR - the Open Source CPAP Analysis Reporter
OSCAR is software that is compatible with Windows, Mac, and Linux operating systems, developed for reviewing and exploring data produced by supported CPAP, bilevel, ventilators, and related machines used in the treatment of sleep apnea. Oscar requires that data is collected on an SD card which MUST be inserted into the PAP machine during use to record detailed data.
Common features of detailed graphs
Left side-bar
| The left part of the Daily screen is referred to as the left side-bar. It contains details of your machine and its settings, your AHI and other sleep indicators, and the amount of time you were asleep.
|
The Calendar
|
The calendar can be useful for navigation, but if you are posting an OSCAR Daily Detail graph on the forum, it should be minimized. To minimize the monthly calendar, just click on the triangle to the left of the current date. If you click on a date in the calendar, the daily data for that date loads into the daily data window. It's also important to understand that the data for any particular date is the data for the NIGHT that started on on that date and ended the following morning. And that's true regardless of whether you get to bed before midnight. Now, look at the little arrows in the calendar.
|
Pie Chart
|
|
You can see a pie chart depicting the breakdown of your events.
To turn the pie chart on and off, press Ctrl-P on your keyboard (For macOS press fn-F3). Alternatively, use the menu item View | Show Pie Chart. For posting charts to the forum it's best to turn the pie chart off as it covers up more valuable information. |
Summary Information (AHI, Machine, Hours, Event rates)
Items 4, 5, 6, and 7 in the sidebar image are collectively the summary information. They show your apnea-hypopnea index (AHI), brief details of your machine and its settings, the time you slept, and the events which occurred during your sleep.
Note that the AHI shown is only for the 'sessions' which are turned on (see below). The summary of events will only show those which are turned on in the event flag selector. The available events will vary among different types of machines.
Tabs: Details, events, notes and bookmarks
Creating a bookmarkBookmarks are created using the [bookmark tab] on the daily page:
You can add text to a bookmark:
Reviewing bookmarksIn the [right sidebar] click on the Bookmarks button at the bottom of the sidebar. The sidebar will show a list of all the bookmarks which have been created. To go to a particular bookmark, click on the date. OSCAR will open the daily page at that particular date. You can then click on a bookmark and OSCAR will adjust the display to show the event which has been selected. You can search for particular text in your bookmarks using the search window at the top of the sidebar (under the word Bookmarks). Deleting bookmarksOn the Daily page, select the bookmark you wish to delete, then click "Remove Bookmark" at the bottom of the panel.
|
The daily detailed graphs
The main part of the daily page is given over to the detailed graphs. These allow you to inspect all the important things which happened during the night, right down to a breath-by-breath review.
Common features of detailed graphs
Each daily graph chart has a number of features in common:
- Turn graphs on or off: You can turn individual graphs on and off using the chart selector at the bottom right corner of the chart area. Click on the selector and a small menu will pop up, listing all the available graphs. Click on any one to turn it on or off. When turned on, the item will show a small green & black icon. If turned off, it will show a red and black icon. The available graphs will depend on your machine, and on settings in the preferences dialog.
- Zoom level: The default view shows the whole night's chart compressed onto a single panel. You can zoom in and out for a closer view as follows:
- Left click anywhere on a graph;
- Right click anywhere to zoom out;
- Place the cursor on a graph, hold the Ctrl button and rotate the scroll wheel;
- Use the keyboard Up Arrow to zoom in and the Down Arrow to zoom out;
- To zoom out to the full view you can also right-click on any graph title and select "100% zoom level". Alternatively press and hold the Escape (Esc) key or Down Arrow on your keyboard for a couple of seconds.
- Time scale: Along the bottom of each graph is a time scale to show when events occurred.
- Pin chart in position: Double-click on the title of a graph to pin it in position. Once pinned, the graph will appear at the top of the screen and will not scroll with the other graphs.
- Resize chart: You can change the vertical height of any graph by clicking in the divider line and dragging it up or down.
- Pop out chart: Right-click on the graph label and select "Popout graph". A copy of the graph will be created in its own window, which can then be placed anywhere on the screen. If you pop out more than one graph, they will share a common window.
- Clone graph: Right-click on the graph label and select "Clone graph". A copy of the graph will be created below the original. The cloned graph can be zoomed independently of all other graphs. To remove the clone, right-click on the title and select "Remove clone".
- Reset graph layout: If you have changed the vertical height of one or more graphs, double click on a graph title and select "Reset graph layout". All graphs will be restored to their normal height.
- Y Axis: If you want to change the vertical scale of a graph, right-click in the label of a graph and select "Y axis". A small pop-up will show, and give the options Autofit, Defaults, and Override. Select override, the adjust the minimum and maximum numbers until the trace on the graph is to your liking. Note that you must keep the mouse cursor within the pop-up - if it strays outside, the pop-up will disappear.
- CPAP overlays: Oscar can include a marker for each of the events on any of the graphs. Right-click the graph title and select 'CPAP Overlays'. A pop-up will appear, allowing you to turn on or off each type of event. The events will appear as a short tick along the top of the graph.
- Oximeter overlays: If you have a pulse oximeter synched to Oscar you can display certain parameters using the oximeter overlay option.
- Dotted lines: Oscar will display dotted lines across a graph to aid in reading it. The available lines will vary depending on the particular graph. Right-click on a graph title and select "Dotted lines". A pop-up will appear, with a list of available lines which you can turn on or off.
Daily (Standard Charts)
To reset the graph order for the Standard Charts click on View/Reset Graphs/Standard
These are the charts that are most used to see how your therapy is doing. When submitting for review these charts should be provided in a full night view. If you wish to submit a partial night highlighting a problem feel free to do so in addition to the full night.
- 3-Minute view to see the form of the breaths
- 10-15 minute view to evaluate breathing patterns such as CSR and PP/Periodic Breathing
Event Flags
The Event Flags graph normally appears at the top of the stack. It shows each event (Obstructive Apnea (OA), Central Apnea/Clear Airway (CA), Hypopnea (H), Large Leak (LL), etc.) as a vertical bar. You can select which events to display using the event flag selector at the bottom left of the chart area. The available flags will vary depending on your machine. The graphical display of events is useful in determining whether they occurred at a particular time, in clusters, or spaced throughout the night.
Each event type in the Event Flags graph will have a corresponding entry in the sidebar summary area.
First, Events only show if you have had them at some point, OSCAR remembers. If you have NEVER had a Clear Airway/Central Apnea event (CA) recorded, none will show. The same for RERAs (RE), though not all machines report RERAs. Second, if you have previously had an event type such as Clear Airway/Central Apnea event (CA) recorded, that category will always display even if you have none on the current night. The events shown here are all, alright, almost all, reported by your xPAP machine.
The exception: In the File/Preferences/CPAP tab there is a section for those of you that may want to experiment called Custom CPAP User Event Flagging. This allows you to define different Flow Restrictions and Event Durations
Issue - Positional Apnea
Positional Apnea is caused by misalignment of the airway typically tucking the chin down.
It is normally detected by clusters of Obstructive and Hypopnea events usually associated with an uneven and smaller/narrower Flow Rate chart.
see the Wiki article Optimizing_therapy#Positional_Apnea
Issue - Other
Correlation with other charts indicating cause and effect
Flow Rate
ResMed S9, Philips Respironics System One, and Fisher & Paykel Icon machines record Flow Rate data if the card is in the CPAP machine during the night.
The DeVilbiss IntelliPAP does NOT record Flow Rate data.
This graph is probably the most used in analyzing and interpreting CPAP data. It shows airflow in and out of your lungs throughout the night. The flow above the zero line is inhalation and below the line is exhalation. The events are shown on this graph as well as on the event flags graph. You can zoom in to examine an event more closely.
Placing the cursor on any event will create a small pop-up detailing the type and duration of the event in seconds.
Nearly all that is happening throughout the night can be seen in the Flow Rate graph though usually in a zoomed view. Tidal Volumes and Minute Vent can be seen via the 'volume under the curve', flow limits may show as "grassy" on the full night view but are readily apparent when viewed with the breath waveform is readily distinguished, typically 2-3 minutes. Leaks may sometimes be distinguished by a difference in volume between inhale and exhale. Periodic Breathing can be confirmed easily on this chart and serious breathing patterns such as CSR can be identified and Flow Limits become readily apparent.
Issue - Positional Apnea (Chin tucking)
Issue - Arousal/Recovery Breathing
additional examples are in the above sections
Issue - Periodic Breathing (CSR, PB)
Note: ResMed (incorrectly) labels all periodic breathing as CSR. All Periodic Breathing should be viewed in a zoomed view to identify its properties.
Philips Respironics machines flag breathing that meets their definition of periodic breathing (PB). On the Philips Respironics web pages, PB is defined as "Periodic breathing is defined as alternating periods of hyperventilation with waxing/waning tidal volume..." Typically the waxing and waning pattern must be quite regular in visual appearance and it must present for at least a minute or two for PB to be scored. PB is flagged with a green background on the flow rate data. Often, but not always, there will be CAs (or Hs or sometimes OAs) scored at the nadir of the cycle. Sometimes the System One will only flag the most obvious part of the cycle:
A bit of PB now and then is nothing to worry about. However, there is one form of PB that is called Cheyne-Stokes Respiration (CSR) that is clearly associated with some forms of heart disease, including congestive heart failure. CSR is very regular and has a CA at the nadir of the cycle (although the CA may be mis-scored as an OA or a UA). If you have serious heart disease and you see a lot of PB scored in your flow rate data, it is worth mentioning it to your cardiologist as well as your sleep doctor.
Detecting Periodic Breathing on other CPAPs
Once you know what PB looks like, you can often spot suspicious patterns by simply scrolling through the Flow Rate data in a 5-10 minute window. Any periodic waxing/waning patterns will show up at that magnitude. Whether this is worth doing on a regular basis is another question altogether. Unless you have a co-morbid condition that is associated with PB (such as congestive heart failure), PB is not something you need to spend much time worrying about or trying to locate in your data.
Here's an example of PB that may be CSR pulled from a ResMed machine:
Cheyne Stokes Respiration Description (CSR)
CSR breathing
Evaluation https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK448165
Cheyne-Stokes respiration is characterized by alternating apnea and hyperventilation during sleep, mostly in the N1 and N2 sleep, and also when awake. This can be clinically observed and documented with a cyclic variation of breathing pattern with a change in saturation from 90% to 100%. Minute ventilation is not routinely monitored during sleep studies. The hyperventilation is documented by rising and falling chest excursions and the tidal volume. If the patient is on a ventilator, then the cyclical change in tidal volume and minute ventilation can be graphed together. The apnea/hyperapnea cycle is around 45 minutes to 75 minutes.. This cycle is longer than other causes of central sleep apnea cycle, which typically have a cycle length of 30 to 45 minutes. Cheyne-Stokes respiration is worse in the supine position or moving from supine to lateral body position.
Etiology https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK448165
Cheyne-Stokes respiration is a specific form of periodic breathing ( waxing and waning amplitude of flow or tidal volume) characterized by a crescendo-decrescendo pattern of respiration between central apneas or central hypopneas. The American Academy of Sleep Medicine (AASM) recommends to score a respiratory event as Cheyne-Stokes breathing if both of the following criteria are met:[/size][/color]
- There are episodes of at least three consecutive central apneas and/or central hypopneas separated by a crescendo and decrescendo change in breathing amplitude with a cycle length of at least 40 seconds (typically 45 to 90 seconds).
- There are five or more central apneas and/or central hypopneas per hour associated with the crescendo/decrescendo breathing pattern recorded over a minimum of two hours of monitoring.
So, waxing and waning pattern with a central event between them and duration per the above.
Issue - PLM (Periodic Leg Movement
Issue - Various (Flow Limitation, Snoring, Mouth Breathing)
Classes of inspiratory flow shapes
Additional Info - Flow Limitation/UARS and BiPAP
Wiki article on Flow Limitation/UARS and BiPAP, is authored by a well-known MD, who deals extensively with sleep disorders, and is considered an Expert on UARS. Article Subtitles:
- UARS: A Critical Link to Optimizing PAP Therapy Results
- UARS as Mini-Suffocations
- UARS is not Mutually Exclusive of Hypopneas or Apneas
- UARS Assessment and Treatment is Critical to Titration Success
- “Consensus Medicine” Covered up The Science of UARS
- What’s in a Name?
- Start Connecting Some Zzzzzots
- Can You Feel Anxiety in your Sleep?
- Is Bilevel the Answer?
- UARS Diagnosis and Medicare
- Summing Up
Brief Summary:
for all practical purposes, the following three terms are interchangeable:
- UARS (upper airway resistance)
- Flow limitation
- RERAs (respiratory effort-related arousal)
Monitor your RDI vs your AHI. RDI = apneas + hypopneas + RERAs/Flow Limitation/UARS.
BiLevel for MOST with a diagnosis of UARS
Quoting the article "in our clinical and research experience, we are using gaps of 4 to 12 cm of water in our patients. My personal bilevel settings are 21/12.5 for a gap of 8.5.
In our prescriptions for bilevel, I would venture that the average gap is in the 5 to 6 range with tremendous variation, including some with a gap of only 2 or 3. Those with a lower gap requirement would likely do as well on FLEX or APAP, but to repeat, the large majority of our patients have a gap of 4 or greater."
This calls for a BiLevel.
Pressure
A 'common' complaint is that the 'pressure' is so high that it blows too hard. That is not pressure, that is flow. All xPAP devices attempt to maintain constant pressure. When a 'leak' occurs, the pressure delivered by the blower moves more air to compensate and maintain pressure.
Try this.
- Start your xPAP with your mask off.
- Now hold your breath, and close your eyes so the air doesn't blow in them while you
- Place your mask on (hand holding is OK). The 'blowing' stops immediately after you put the mask on as the blower speed returns to normal. You ca also do this by using your hand to seal the mask.
Practical Demonstration of Pressure
It's simple
- Take a tall glass of water and a straw
- Place the straw down to near the bottom of the glass, now let your youth loose and pretend you are a kid and blow bubbles.
How did it feel? Any issues? Didn't think so.
What just happened?
- You exerted enough force to displace the water and blow bubbles.
- This force, assuming 8 inches of water, is equal to the maximum pressure produced by a CPAP, 20 cm of water (cmw). A BiLevel, the next class of device up, it is 10 inches of water or 25 cmw. Most therapy is around 4 inches or 10 cmw.
Many xPAP user complain about the "high" pressures involved. This is just a practical demonstration of the pressures involved in xPAP therapy. It does not mean that you do not have issues related to pressure.
Pressure and Mask Pressure
The pressure graph shows the pressure as it varies over time. The mask pressure graph shows the pressure at the mask on a breath-by-breath basis.
Zooming in shows how the mask pressure is a high-resolution chart sampled 25 times per second, while the pressure is only sampled once per second. Depending on your machine settings there may be several traces shown - usually the inhale pressure (IPAP) and exhale pressure (EPAP).
Flow Limit.
Philips Respironics: PR machines do not produce this chart, instead they show FL events on the Events chart.
ResMed: Flow Limits are calculated as an index, 0-1, indicating the flatness of the breath-form on the flow rate chart. Zero means none, severity increasing as the index approaches one. These show as a varying height vertical bar.
This is an important chart. Flow Limits are the 'foundation' of obstructive events. The least severe of these events are flow limits followed by hypopnea and then obstructive apnea. They are often identified as a fundamental part of RERAs and UARS.
Note that on this chart flow limits are under-reported as compared to what we can visualize on the flow rate graph discussed above.
If you have a lot of flow limits here, it is a good idea to review the Flow Rate chart for Flow Limits that do not show in this chart.
Issue - Pressure Increasing
Flow Limits are often the main driver of pressure increases, especially with ResMed devices. Seeing Flow Limits in this graph is almost always accompanied by an increase in pressure as the ResMed algorithms depend heavily on the flow limits that are shown in this graph.
ResMed - AUTOMATED CONTROL FOR DETECTION OF FLOW LIMITATION - Patent Application
AUTOMATED CONTROL FOR DETECTION OF FLOW LIMITATION
Highlights
A known algorithm that is used to automatically set patient pressure in APAP machines is called ResMed AutoSet. All in all, the AutoSet device, and its algorithm, is excellent for treating OSA patients.
The ResMed AutoSet algorithm responds to three things:
- flow limitation,
- snore (audible noise) and
- apnoea.
The ResMed AutoSet algorithm monitors patient flow and raises pressure when it detects flow limitation or snore. Because apnoeas are normally preceded by periods of flow limitation (also called partial obstruction) or snoring, apnoeas are rarely encountered. As a backup measure, pressure is also raised if an apnoea is detected. In the absence of any measured flow disturbance, the pressure is allowed to decay slowly and hopefully an equilibrium pressure will be achieved that allows the patient to sleep arousal-free. The AutoSet algorithm responds proportionally and so a metric is used for each condition to which it responds. The metrics used are: a flattening index for flow-limitation, a calibrated RMS measure of sound averaged over an inspiration for snore and the length of any apnoea detected.
A flattening index is a non-dimensional feature (e.g., a real number) calculated using a patient's inspiration waveform. It attempts to measure essentially how flat-topped the waveform is. A feature of flow limitation is that while the downstream pressure is sufficiently low to keep the tube collapsed the flow-rate will be more or less maintained at a constant value, regardless of changes to the driving pressure. In a patient with flow-limited breathing this equates to an inspiratory waveform with a flat top (i.e., a constant inspiratory flow-rate.)
The above is just the start. The flattening index is a rather complex calculation taking many factor into consideration. Do read the entire patent application if you really want to get your head spinning,
Leak Rate
The leak rate graph indicates whether excessive mask leaking occurred, and to what extent. All CPAP masks are designed to leak or vent surplus air away from the user's nose or mouth. This flushes away the exhaled breath and prevents the user from re-breathing his expelled CO2. The actual amount of this designed leak will vary according to the mask. Anything in excess of that amount is an "additional leak".
Resmed machines show a single trace indicating the additional leak. By default (in accordance with Resmed guidelines), Oscar flags any additional leak over 24 L/min as an excessive or "large leak". You can adjust the red line between acceptable and unacceptable leaks by using File | Preferences | CPAP | Flag leaks over threshold.
Philips machines show two traces - total leak and additional leak. It is the lower additional leak line that indicates whether the leak is excessive or not.
Leak graph from Resmed machine showing excessive leakage
Leak graph from Philips machine showing upper and lower traces
Snore
Resmed and Philips machines both show snoring as a graph with the height of the trace indicating the intensity of the snoring. In addition, Philips machines show individual snores as events labeled VS1 and VS2 (vibratory snore 1 and 2). It is usually suggested that VS2 be turned off when presenting screenshots for discussion as the large number of events recorded can overwhelm other data on the charts.
OSCAR snore graph from Resmed machine
Snores can be precursors of obstructive events and as such drive pressure increases, especially with Phillips Respironics machines.
Zeo Data
If data has been imported from a Zeo sleep monitor device, additional graphs will be available, including Sleep stage,
Daily (Advanced Charts)
To reset the graph order for the Advanced Charts click on View/Reset Graphs/Advanced
Event Flags
see Daily (Standard Charts)above for discussion.
Flow Rate
see Daily (Standard Charts)above for discussion.
Why Pressure Support (PS/EPR)
For our purposes, Pressure Support and EPR may be considered the same, with that provided by a BiLevel having the capability of a much higher value and can be applied in smaller increments.
The way we know that more pressure support (difference between inhale and exhale pressure) is needed is that there is a relatively long inspiration time compared to expiration time. This happens when a person has considerable airway resistance or obstruction which requires more work and more time to get the volume of air needed to satisfy respiratory needs. Pressure support from bilevel therapy can actually off-load some of the physical effort of inspiration to the machine and help you fill your lungs easier and more rapidly. The increase in ventilation can reduce your CO2 level which affects respiratory drive. This is what causes some of the CA events.
(looking for chart to demonstrate this)
Mask Pressure
Mask Pressure is used in advanced cases such as for Central Apnea or other breathing issues where the breathing is paced (Timed) such as in some cases of COPD. It lets us see how the pressure is being delivered.
ResMed ASV - Example
See the relationship between Pressure and Mask Pressure. The Pressure chart looks a little jointed, because of its resolution. I view it as the current target pressure. Here there are two plots, the top red one is IPAP or inhale pressure, the bottom green one is EPAP or Exhale pressure, the difference is the intended Pressure Support (or EPR with an AirSense)
Mask Pressure is the Pressure at the mask. It is recorded in much higher resolution than Pressure is.
In this example, you can see the shape of the pressure delivered by the Resmed ASV. Compare it to the square-wave which is what Philips gives, even with Flex at 3. Look how normal the resulting respiratory flow rate is. Midway through this graph is an obstructive UA event (we know it's obstructive because the Resmed doesn't miss a central). Note how quickly pressure hits the top of the PS setting when a breath is missed. It doesn't step up over 4-breaths, it comes in right away and backs off as soon as respiration is spontaneous. The Philips lags in both directions. As a result, the Resmed does not very often miss its minute vent target.
Tidal Volume
Tidal volume is the amount of air that moves in or out of the lungs with each respiratory cycle. It measures around 500 mL in an average healthy adult male and approximately 400 mL in a healthy female. It is a vital clinical parameter that allows for proper ventilation to take place. When a person breathes in, oxygen from the surrounding atmosphere enters the lungs. It then diffuses across the alveolar-capillary interface to reach arterial blood. At the same time, carbon dioxide continuously forms as long as metabolism takes place. Expiration occurs to expel carbon dioxide and prevent it from accumulating in the body. The volume of inspired and expired air that helps keep oxygen and carbon dioxide levels stable in the blood is what physiology refers to as tidal volume.
The normal tidal volume is 6 to 8 ml/kg. Normal results typically range between 80% and 120% of the prediction.
Traditional preset tidal volumes higher than 10 ml/kg have been proved to be associated with increased risk of pulmonary barotrauma and should be avoided. High tidal volumes also decrease venous return and reduce cardiac output.
Calculating Tidal Volume Range
female, IBW = 45.5 + (2.3 * (height [in] - 60)); and male, IBW = 50 + (2.3 * (height [in] - 60)),
Minimal Tidal Volume = 6 ml/kg * IBW Maximal Tidal Volume = 8 ml/kg * IBW.
Tidal Volume During Sleep
Sleep alters respiratory physiology in various ways. REM sleep, in particular, is the sleep phase with the highest degree of breathing irregularity, both in frequency and respiratory rate. During REM, almost all body muscles, including respiratory muscles, become hypotonic, except for the diaphragm. Therefore, a person relies on the diaphragm to maintain an adequate tidal volume during REM. Additionally, respiratory response to hypoxic and hypercapnic stimuli decreases, not to mention the decreased central respiratory drive, which, along with accessory muscle paralysis, leads to a slight decrease in tidal volume and minute ventilation. The change is usually not prominent in healthy individuals but becomes prominent in patients with preexisting respiratory disease.
ASV
Tidal Volume is managed by Philips Respironics ASV for the purpose of managing Central Sleep Apnea. ResMed ASV maintains a constant Minute Volume to manage Central Sleep Apnea.
Clinical Significance
I've included these because it is important to understand the potential impact of these Clinical diseases with an xPAP machine.
Restrictive Lung Diseases
Restrictive lung diseases are a group of chronic pulmonary conditions characterized by the inability of the lungs to fully expand, owing to problems in the lungs themselves or the structures surrounding them. Interstitial lung diseases, such as idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and asbestosis, cause progressive fibrosis of the lung tissue. As such, they represent an intrinsic lung pathology that leads to a restrive physiology due to increased stiffness and decreased compliance. Morbid obesity and sarcoidosis are examples of extrinsic problems that cause restriction by limiting chest wall expansion. In restrictive lung disease, the patient adapts a breathing pattern of rapid, shallow breaths to minimize the work of breathing.
Obstructive Lung Diseases
The hallmark of obstructive lung disease is difficulty expelling air out of the lungs due to progressive airway narrowing. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and asthma are the two typical examples of obstructive lung disease. Asthma is a reversible condition characterized by airway hyperresponsiveness to various stimuli. It causes episodes of excessive mucous production, bronchoconstriction, and airway narrowing. On the other hand, COPD is an irreversible chronic inflammatory process that leads to a gradual reduction in the lumen of the conducting airways. As the condition progresses, air-trapping ensues, leading to lung hyperinflation. Since the problem in obstructive lung disease is expiratory, breathing with higher tidal volumes helps overcome airway resistance. Therefore, patients acquire a breathing pattern of deep, slow breaths to minimize the work of breathing.
Mechanical Ventilation
Acute respiratory distress syndrome, or ARDS, is a condition characterized by widespread inflammation of the lungs following an inciting pulmonary or extrapulmonary event. ARDS usually causes hypoxemic respiratory failure or critically low arterial oxygen tension necessitating mechanical ventilation. Patients with ARDS already have injured lungs, and mechanical ventilation should follow a lung-protective strategy. In other terms, tidal volumes should be kept as low as possible to prevent volutrauma and barotrauma. The problem in ARDS is that pulmonary edema and distal airway collapse decrease the surface area of the aerated lungs. Therefore, ventilation with large or even regular tidal volumes may cause hyperinflation of the healthy aerated portion of the lungs since air does not reach the already collapsed airways. As a result, alveolar overdistension and lung injury might occur. Generally, lung-protective strategies in patients with ARDS involve administering tidal volumes of approximately 6-8 mL/Kg of ideal body weight.[8][9]
Neuromuscular Disease
Neuromuscular diseases refer to a group of disorders characterized by progressive muscle weakness due to problems in the muscles themselves or the nerves that supply them. Patients with neuromuscular diseases (NMDs) eventually develop respiratory muscle weakness. The diaphragm is the primary muscle of inspiration and is the one most commonly affected in NMDs. Patients with a weak diaphragm rely on other muscles of inspiration, such as the external intercostals, to maintain adequate tidal volume. During REM sleep, there is generalized hypotonia of all respiratory muscles, except for the diaphragm, and a healthy person becomes diaphragm dependent. In patients with NMDs, dyspnea becomes prominent at night due to diaphragmatic weakness. Nocturnal REM-related hypoventilation is one of the earliest signs of respiratory muscle involvement in neuromuscular disease. As the disease progresses, daytime symptoms become prominent, and patients rely on a breathing pattern similar to the one seen in other restrictive lung diseases, i.e., shallow, rapid breathing.[10][11]
Minute Vent
Minute ventilation, also known as total ventilation, is a measurement of the amount of air that enters the lungs per minute. It is the product of respiratory rate and tidal volume.
Minute ventilation (or respiratory minute volume or minute volume) is the volume of gas inhaled (inhaled minute volume) or exhaled (exhaled minute volume) from a person's lungs per minute. It is an important parameter in respiratory medicine due to its relationship with blood carbon dioxide levels.
Normal minute ventilation is between 5 and 8 L per minute (Lpm). Tidal volumes of 500 to 600 mL at 12–14 breaths per minute yield minute ventilations between 6.0 and 8.4 L, for example. Minute ventilation can double with light exercise, and it can exceed 40 Lpm with heavy exercise.
ASV
ResMed ASV maintains a constant Minute Volume to manage Central Sleep Apnea. Philips Respironics ASV manages Tidal Volume for the purpose of managing Central Sleep Apnea.
Insp. Time
Exp. Time
Resp. Rate
Daily (Other Charts)
AHI
This chart is basically a running count of the number of 'events' (OA + CA + H) in the previous 60 minutes. As such, it is not particularly useful, since you can see the clusters in the Event Flags chart at the top, and also see which types of events are occurring.
The y-value of the OSCAR AHI graph at any given time is the total number of events recorded during the previous 60 minutes of run time in the current session. When a particular event becomes one hour old, it is dropped from the running total. The following image shows a series of 3 events scored within an 8-minute period, followed by over an hour of sleep where no additional OA, CA, or H events were scored. The AHI first increases to 3 and it stays at 3 until each of the three events "age" out of the running total:
Time at Pressure
The Time at Pressure graphs the amount of time spent at a specific pressure.
The Time at Pressure is is a companion graph of the Pressure graph, using the same data and configuration. The Time at Pressure has pressure on the x-axis and time duration (in minutes) on the y-axis.
The following picture is from a CPAP device where the pressure is at a constant eight(8) cmH2O. The picture contains the OSCAR charts: Event Flags, Pressure, and Time at Pressure.
The following picture is from a APAP device where there were two events that occured at Pressure Interval 8.6 cmH2O. (8.5<= P < 8.7) A CA (Clear Airway) and a OA (Obstructive) apneas occured during this pressure interval.
CPAP Algorithims
CPAP Algorithms To assist in understanding your devices responses
OSCAR Calculations
This section is new and under development, so please bear with us.
Mostly OSCAR is a reporter, it is even in the name, OSCAR - the Open Source CPAP Analysis Reporter.
Here is what OSCAR calculates, including the math behind it.
Insp. Time
- Some ResMed's do not report I and E times, Which ones do not (AutoSet, Elite?). Which ones are "Calculated" by OSCAR?
Exp. Time
- Some ResMed's do not report I and E times, Which ones do not (AutoSet, Elite?). Which ones are "Calculated" by OSCAR?
Compliance
There are several different Compliance requirements out there, FAA, DOT, Medical Insurance. These requirements vary by the requiring organization and may even vary by country. It is the certifying organization that determines what the criteria is and it is they who may or may not accept OSCAR data as satisfying their documentation requirements.
The compliance requirements vary by the number of days use over a period of time and the required number of hours use per day. If the xPAP is not used during any given day it is considered a "non-compliant" day.
- Compliance is calculated by OSCAR.
Respiration Rate, Tidal Volume, and Minute Vent
ResMed
ResMed machines record Respiration Rate, Tidal Volume, and Minute Vent, they are not calculated.
SleepStyle CPAP
SleepStyle CPAP does not record these so OSCAR calculates those numbers from the flow graph.
DeVilbiss
DeVilbiss is in between with Respiration Rate and Tidal Volume being reported with Minute Vent calculated as the product of Respiration Rate and Tidal Volume.
Donate to Apnea Board
