Upper airway resistance syndrome (UARS)
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Upper Airway Resistance Syndrome or UARS is a sleep disorder characterized by airway resistance to breathing during sleep. The primary symptoms include daytime sleepiness and excessive fatigue.
Contents
Classification
There is question in the medical community as to not only the existence of this syndrome, but whether it should be classified as a separate syndrome or part of the larger group Sleep-disordered Breathing (SDB). This unfortunately has led to a poor understanding of the illness by the medical community at large as well as a consequential lack of acceptance by medical facilities and health insurers.
Diagnosis
It is difficult to confirm diagnosis, as few sleep testing centers have the proper test equipment to recognize the illness.
Polysomnography (sleep study) with the use of a probe to measure Pes (esophageal pressure) is the Gold standard diagnostic test for UARS. Apneas and hypopneas are absent or present in low numbers. Multiple snore arousals may be seen, and if an esophageal probe (Pes) is used, progressive elevation of esophageal pressure fluctuations terminating in arousals is noted. UARS can also be diagnosed using a nasal cannula/pressure transducer to measure the inspiratory airflow vs time signal.
| Authors | Clinical criteria | Polysomnographic criteria | Polysomnographic criteria |
|---|---|---|---|
| Kristo et al., 2005 [47] | Excessive daytime sleepiness (ESS >10) | Pes≤- 12 cm H2O | AHI<5/hour, Arousal Index≥10/hour, RERA≥5/hour |
| Guilleminault et al. [7] | Excessive daytime sleepiness or fatigue | Pes and flow limitation by nasal cannula | AHI<5/hour, RDI>5/hour (RERA), Oxygen saturation>92% |
| Loube et al., 2009 [48] | Excessive daytime sleepiness | Inductance plethysmogrhaphy Pes≤- 12 cm H2O | AHI<5/hour and RERA≥10/hour |
| Stoohs et al., 2009 [49] | Excessive daytime sleepiness or fatigue | Flow limitation by nasal cannula | AHI<5/hour and presence of RERA |
| Pépin et al., 2012 [6] | Excessive daytime sleepiness | Pes, flow limitation by nasal cannula | RERA as more than 50% of respiratory events |
ESS: Epworth Sleepiness Scale, Pes: Esophageal pressure, AHI: Apnea / Hypopnea Index, RERA: Respiratory Event-Related Arousal, RDI: Respiratory Disturbance Index
Treatment of upper airway resistance syndrome in adults: Where do we stand? 20 Mar 2015
Explanation
During sleep the muscles of the airway become relaxed. The relaxation of these muscles in turn reduces the diameter of the airway. Typically, the airway of a UARS patient is already restricted or reduced in size, and this natural relaxation reduces the airway further. Therefore, breathing becomes labored. It can be likened to breathing through a coffee straw.
Pathophysiology
Pathophysiology of UARS is similar to obstructive sleep apnea / hypopnea syndrome in that abnormal airway resistance in the upper airway during sleep leads to unwanted physiologic consequences. Increased upper airway resistance in this disorder does not lead to cessation of airflow (apnea) or decrease in airflow (hypopnea), but instead leads to an arousal secondary to increased work of breathing to overcome the resistance. Repeated and multiple arousals (which the patient is usually unaware of) result in an abnormal sleep architecture and daytime somnolence (sleepiness). Arousals result in sympathetic activation, and UARS is therefore likely to cause hypertension similar to obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (This has not been verified in large clinical populations because of the relatively small number of patients with UARS in the larger epidemiologic studies so far. However, repeated arousals in individuals have clearly been shown to be related to sympathetic activation and elevation in blood pressure.)
Clinical presentation
Patients present with snoring and excessive daytime somnolence. Hypotension is likely to be present. Also, fatigue, cognitive impairment, unrefreshing sleep, frequent awakenings, and chronic pain may be present.
UARS is often misdiagnosed as Fibromyalgia or similar disorders. Guilleminault et al. write that up to 75% of adult patients with sleepwalking have UARS.
Treatment
Treatment for UARS is essentially the same as that for obstructive sleep apnea. (See Sleep apnea)
Behavioral modification
This includes getting at least 7–8 hours of sleep, avoiding sleeping in supine position (on the back), sleeping with head end of bed elevated and avoiding sedatives, alcohol and narcotics.
Positive airway pressure therapy
This again, is similar to that in obstructive sleep apnea and works by splinting the airway open from the pressure, thus reducing the airway resistance. Reimbursement for the positive airway pressure device (CPAP etc.) may be a concern in certain healthcare models.
Oral appliances
Oral appliances to protrude the tongue and mandible (jaw) forward are effective in reducing the airway resistance.
Surgery
Various surgical options including UPPP (Uvulo Palato Pharyngo Plasty) and linguloplasty to increase the dimensions of the upper airway and to reduce the collapsibility of the airway are effective.
Prognosis
Most patients usually respond to treatment and the prognosis is good, with no long term sequelae. Whether untreated UARS develops into obstructive sleep apnea is unknown.
See also
External links
- Upper Airway Resistance Syndrome (U.A.R.S.) by Eric Falcon, MD
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