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→Diagnosis
Polysomnography (sleep study) with the use of a probe to measure Pes (esophageal pressure) is the Gold standard diagnostic test for UARS. Apneas and hypopneas are absent or present in low numbers. Multiple snore arousals may be seen, and if an esophageal probe (Pes) is used, progressive elevation of esophageal pressure fluctuations terminating in arousals is noted. UARS can also be diagnosed using a nasal cannula/pressure transducer to measure the inspiratory airflow vs time signal.
UARS definitions.
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! Authors !! Clinical criteria !! Polysomnographic criteria !! Polysomnographic criteria
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| Kristo et al., 2005 [47]|| '''Excessive daytime sleepiness ''' (ESS >10) || Pes≤- 12 cm H2O || '''AHI<5/hour''', Arousal Index≥10/hour, RERA≥5'''RERA'''≥5/hour
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| Guilleminault et al. [7] || '''Excessive daytime sleepiness ''' or fatigue || Pes and '''flow limitation ''' by nasal cannula || '''AHI<5/hour''', RDI>5/hour ('''RERA'''), Oxygen saturation>92%
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| Loube et al., 2009 [48] || '''Excessive daytime sleepiness ''' || Inductance plethysmogrhaphy Pes≤- 12 cm H2O || '''AHI<5/hour ''' and RERA≥10'''RERA'''≥10/hour
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| Stoohs et al., 2009 [49] || '''Excessive daytime sleepiness ''' or fatigue || '''Flow limitation ''' by nasal cannula || '''AHI<5/hour ''' and presence of '''RERA'''
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| Pépin et al., 2012 [6] || '''Excessive daytime sleepiness ''' || Pes, '''flow limitation ''' by nasal cannula || '''RERA ''' as more than 50% of respiratory events
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ESS: Epworth Sleepiness Scale, Pes: Esophageal pressure, AHI: Apnea / Hypopnea Index, RERA: Respiratory Event-Related Arousal, RDI: Respiratory Disturbance Index<br />
[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4608900/ Treatment of upper airway resistance syndrome in adults: Where do we stand? 20 Mar 2015]
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