Dirty filters

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I did notice a few days ago the A/C filter came loose. I'll check it again when I get home. Maybe it dropped off again

The AC filter being missing won't make your home air dirty. It might be less clean than with a good filter, but, in many parts of the country, people go for months without using the HVAC systems. The filter in your HVAC system is there to protect the HVAC system, not the humans. Without a filter, the dust will build up inside the system, especially the cooling coils and cause problems.

Yes, a good filter will remove some dust, but an HVAC system doesn't create dust. Even a good filter doesn't really remove that much dust from the room. Replace your HVAC filter after a month and look at how much dust is there. Then realize that it isn't that much dust, and also realize that only 1/30 of that dust was removed each day. Imagine that much dust spread out over the volume of the whole house.

As for mold, even if you have a very bad mold problem, you're not going to see black stuff on your CPAP filter after a few days. Mold isn't that thick in the air. It only affects your body because your immune system is extraordinarily sensitive to such things. It's like how a dog can sniff out where someone walked a day before.

Something is introducing black stuff in the air in your home. Smoking would be one possibility. Dirty outside air could be another.

Also, a dirty air filter actually cleans better than a clean one. The fibers of the filter are still there filtering out the dirty air. The dirt on the filter actually traps more dirt. The only reason you need to change the filter is that a dirty filter restricts air flow and makes the motor work harder.

BTW, the filter on the CPAP machine is there to protect the machine, not the patient. You're breathing unfiltered air any time you aren't using the CPAP. Even without a filter, the CPAP doesn't magically create new dust and make the air dirtier than the room air.